(Friday
4th April 2014 - post by Kim)
Greetings
from the frozen edges of the Weddell Sea! Today we’ve all been experiencing the
chills and thrills of finding ourselves back amongst some truly spectacular
Antarctic scenery, as the ship steamed into extensive sea ice for the first
time this cruise. Our mission: to recover a set of moored scientific
instruments that have been anchored close to the sea bed for the past three
years. During that time they’ve been recording information about the temperature,
pressure, and salinity of the water, as well as measuring the direction and
velocity of currents, to add to a ten year time series. The battery life of the
moorings is only four years, so it’s our job to scoop them up and discover what
exciting new information they have to tell us about the movement of water in
the Weddell Sea.
The iced over forecastle of the JCR. With temperatures starting at -14degC and dropping to -22degC by nightfall, stepping outside today has required more than just a thick jumper. Many thanks to Ollie for braving the cold to get the wonderful photos for this blog post.
We
started the day at a comparatively balmy -14 ºC, with the sea surface temperatures hovering
just above freezing (which for sea water at the surface is -1.8 ºC). This large temperature gradient between the
air and the sea causes the air close to the sea surface to warm and pick up
moisture. As this air rises and cools, the moisture re-precipitates a metre of
so above the water, an effect known as ‘sea smoke’, which creates an amazing,
slightly eerie view in the morning light. As the day progressed we had a
perfect opportunity to pass through the various stages of sea ice formation and
growth, as the air temperature steadily plummeted and we made our way
southwards.
In
these conditions, the sea surface steadily loses heat to the colder air above,
and eventually patches of it reach -1.8 ºC and begin to freeze. These small initial
patches of sea ice act as buffers; they damp down the waves and reduce mixing
at the sea surface, enabling larger areas of surface water to cool down to
freezing point. As the very surface layer of water freezes it forms ‘grease
ice’ which, as the name suggests, looks like a floating layer of oil or grease.
This layer then compacts together into ‘frazzle ice’, and as the temperatures
continue to drop, this compacts again into circular patches of thicker ice,
appropriately known as ‘pancake ice’.
Grease ice forming amidst the sea smoke (above) and pancake ice (below). |
By
lunchtime we were steaming through a stunning landscape of pancake ice,
punctuated here and there by larger, blocky icebergs. These blocks are the
accumulation of several years of sea ice that have grown each season with the
addition of fresh snowfall. Keen-eyed Andrew spotted some blocks that were at
least twelve years old; a bit like tree rings, you can tell the age by counting
the layers of snow accumulation, with every layer representing a winter of
growth.
View of sea ice from the ship – sea smoke rising from patches of open water in the background, surrounded by pancake ice, and a large floe of multi-year ice. |
Sea
ice also is also a great environment for Antarctic wildlife. The ship has had a
constant escort of Snow and Antarctic Petrels, and every now and then groups of
Adélie penguins could be seen diving from larger floes of pancake ice. But what
we were really looking for as we scanned the horizon with our binoculars was
the tell-tale orange and yellow buoys that would mark the location of the moorings.
Phil, our intrepid onboard moorings-master, had sent out a signal to the first
set of instruments earlier in the day, instructing them to cut the wire that
anchored them to the seafloor, and causing them to float up to the surface.
After a tense half an hour or so the buoys were spotted sandwiched amongst the
ice floes, and some excellent manoeuvring from Jerry and Phillipa up on the
Bridge soon had us alongside. A little sophisticated grappling-hook action
later (courtesy of our wonderful Bosun Dave - no mean feat in temperatures of
-19 ºC with 20 knot winds
whistling across the deck!) And the first mooring was safely onboard.
But
our mission isn’t over yet – a second mooring still awaits collection further
to the southeast, in an area of the sea much more thoroughly iced over. The
floes of pancake ice that we’ve been encountering all day are steadily growing,
sticking together and compacting until they form continuous sheets of pack ice.
Even the ice strengthened hull of the JCR can only get us so far in conditions
like these, so everyone’s keeping their fingers crossed that the ice around the
second mooring won’t be too thick, so that we’ll be able to get in to retrieve
it.
In
the meantime, even the most Antarctic-seasoned scientists and crew are enjoying
the beautiful views afforded by traversing these icy waters, from a spectacular
sunset over the ice, to a breathtaking starry night sky. Definitely worth
bundling up in an insulated boiler suit (the height of polar fashion) and
daring the -22.6ºC for.
Fantastic blog-- my family follows each of your posts. Great science. Thank you for the insights. Wish we were there too!!
ReplyDeleteChris